Exploring the High-altitude Nuclear Detonation and Magnetic Storms

This article was originally published in a journal by OMICS Publishing Group, and the attached copy is provided by OMICS Publishing Group for the author’s benefit and for the benefit of the author’s institution, for commercial/research/educational use including without limitation use in instruction at your institution, sending it to specific colleagues that you know, and providing a copy to your institution’s administrator.


Introduction
High-altitude Nuclear Detonation (HND) is a nuclear warhead detonated hundreds of kilometers above Earth's surface [1], it was carried by the United States of America (USA) and the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) between 1958-62. It produced complex phenomena such as magnetic disturbances, aurora and electromagnetic pulse (EMP) [2]. Before it was banned in 1962, the USA carried 13 tests [3], and 7 by USSR [4], the Starfish Prime experiment detonated at an altitude of 400 km South-South-West (SSW) of Johnston Island (JI) at 23:00 hours, Honolulu time on July 8, 1962; intended among others to disrupt an enemy of the anti-missile radars [2], with a total of thirteen experiments carried by USA at altitudes ranged from 11 to 540 kilometers [3], the nuclear detonation created a great amount of beta particles, debris and gamma rays which ionized more electrons [2], the Starfish Prime total Injected electrons were 1.3x10 25 electrons [4], yield 1.4 megatons (mt) it caused minor damages of 300 street lights at Hawaii 1,445 km away, a probable failure of a microwave repeating station on Kauai, failure of the input stages of ionospheric sounders and damages to rectifiers in communication receivers [3], while the USSR Test 184, Operation K-3, on 22 October 1962, yield 300 kiloton (kt) burst at 290 km altitude near Dzhezkazgan, induced a current of 2,500 amps, this started a fire that burned down the Karaganda power plant, and shut down 1,000 km of shallow-buried power cables between Aqmola and Almaty [5], it injected 3.6x10 25 electrons [4], producing intense electromagnetic pulse (EMP) and magnetic disturbances recorded in magnetic observatories worldwide [6], the K-3 damage was due to higher altitude and greater geomagnetic field [7], while Starfish Prim injected 7.5×10 25 electrons, 10% initially trapped in the radiation belts, while the rest were captured by the atmosphere [1], the Starfish Prim produced an unusual events in the great variety and extent of the phenomena [8], it produced maximum magnetic field of 700 gamma intensity after 70 seconds, although the physical processes caused the disturbances was ambiguously interpreted, but it was thought due to ionospheric currents attributed to the Magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) [9], the magnetic disturbances was interpreted by others as resulted from an enhanced dynamo-action in the ionosphere, or a hydromagnetic waves resulted from geomagnetic field distortion [10], while some associated perturbations onset with MHD arrival caused by detonation debris containment the geomagnetic field, others interpreted geomagnetic field fluctuations and variations in E-layer ionization density as evidence that the perturbations were caused by nuclear radiations interactions with the magnetic field and ionosphere [3], records and analysis at a college in Alaska interpreted the strong perturbation at 66 sec as an arrival of a transverse hydromagnetic wave generated in the magnetosphere in several earth radii [11].
Measurements of the Magnetohydrodynamic-Electromagnetic Pulse (MHD-EMP) from ionized fireball expansion to displace Earth's magnetic field in early stage of the test failed [1], due to the resulted speed and magnetic effect, hence it was concluded that the propagated disturbance is not explainable in terms of simple hydromagnetic waves, and the disturbance propagated electromagnetically in its most part [6], these magnetic disturbances didn't interfere with geophysical stations, and thought to improve understanding of the sudden commencements [3], where the magnetometer data at Johnston Island registered magnetic field of 150 γ, 270 γ and -720 γ for Starfish Prim [9].
HND is investigated from spatial production of External Magnetic Field (ExMF) [12], relating HND with Magnetic Storms (MS) and the Disturbance Storm Time Index (Dst), fields magnitudes are derived, with suggested mechanism to produce them, the Storm Sudden Commencement (SSC) also analyzed, relating HND production with MS, and the Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) [13] is also investigated suggesting a mechanism to generating it.
Understanding both phenomenon will help in the efforts towards attaining the alternative renewable energy, which could reflect positively in environment and current imbalance in nature caused by excessive usage of fossil fuels.

High-altitude Nuclear Detonations (HND) and Magnetic Storms (MS)
The geomagnetic storms (GS) is defined as an "intense, irregular variability of geomagnetic field which occur as a consequence of solar disturbances," [14] but such variability in geomagnetic field had been produced through High-altitude Nuclear Detonation (HND), during which magnetic disturbances resulted from HND showed great resemblances with Magnetic Storms (MS) [1]; the GS affected electrical systems in a manner similar to the HND's third component (E3) generated by Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) [15], both phenomena produced geomagnetic disturbances at magnetic observatories worldwide [6], they affected electrical and electronics systems [15]; thus with regard to time factor for each mechanism, the shape of both HND's magnetic field pattern recorded at Johnston Island shown in Figure 1 and Disturbance Storm Time Index (Dst) model [16], illustrates three common characteristics, these are: (1) The Storm Sudden Commencement (SSC), (2) main phase and (3) recovery phase; they differ in HND poses two sudden commencements, while the initial phase in HND is sharp, and magnetic disturbance due to HND sudden commencement would reach four times stronger than any recorded solar storms [1].
During MS Dst shown in Figure 2A, there are five SSC denoted by SSC-1 to SSC-5, as measured at Honolulu, between 31 March and 3 rd April 1960; each SSC traced with dot line to Pioneer V at Figure  2B, where SSC-1, SSC-2 and SSC-3 were measured sometimes after Honolulu [17], while SSC-4 and SSC-5 delays were distorted by main fields; thus each SSC followed by a drop in geomagnetic field, and beginning of the main phase, which lasted for a short period, due to re-occurrence of the new SSC; it is evidently that they intermingle due to successive SSC, resulting from successive solar wind clusters occurrence; this is similar to HND two sudden commencement shown in Figure 1, they are the designated Electrons Sudden Commencement (ESC) and Debris Electrons Sudden Commencement (DESC) respectively.
Since the concept of solar atmosphere extension and expansion into interplanetary space [18] endorsed by Pioneer V [19], showed to contain loopholes [20], and Magnetosphere breached continually by solar wind in several places [21], it is suggested that, both the flow of energetic protons [22], and energetic electrons >200 keV [23], in Magnetosheath, and the concentration of high density solar wind positive ion ranging between 35 to 127 cm -3 at Magnetosheath [22], contrary to background proton's density of 5-10 cm -3 [24], and Magnetosheath plasma interaction with magnetosphere at magnetopause, which results in fluctuations and strong magnetic fields, leading to an intense geomagnetic storm Dst<200 n Tesla [25], a situation which is similar to the ionospheric elongated diamagnetic cavity created after High-altitude Nuclear Detonation (HND) [1], therefore it is suggested that, both MS and HND are similar in nature, and resulted from charged particles interaction with geomagnetic field.

The External Magnetic Field-Moment (ExMF M )
The existence of magnetic lines of force and occurrence of magnetic disturbances are direct evidence related to the existence of a source of magnetic field; which was the origin of the Earth's dipole moment given by M=8.  [17]. The Mechanism producing SSC relates to the High-altitudes Nuclear Detonation (HND) two Commencements in Figure 1; each Commencement is produced by charged particles clusters.
proportional to square of the radial distance, and the field magnitude at Hawaii measured 300 γ [1], but what was the magnitude of the source producing such field? Since the ring current is only describing the main phase of the Dst [27], then what is the source of the Storm Sudden Commencement (SSC)?
As HND and MS are so related and having many similarities, and 1/r 2 extension line showed in Figure 3 gives a progressive magnetic field increments towards an area where spatial External Magnetic Field (ExMF) is produced [12], consequently this inversely law can determine the total magnitude of produced External Magnetic Field-Moment (ExMF M ), and also suggested to represents magnitudes of produced SSC, given by where, B Ex is the measured External Magnetic field (ExMF) in places such as Hawaii, Samoa and Palo Alto, or at Magnetic Observatories, r x is the radial distance from the source of produced magnetic field to the measured point, and the ExMF M is the produced External Magnetic Field-Moment in Tesla in cubic meter (T.m 3 ), Table 1, gives such dipole moment for both Starfish Electrons Sudden Commencement (ESC) and two Storm Sudden Commencement (SSC).

Beta particles capturing process
When a HND, an initial flash light and X-rays were released, it immediately ionized atoms and molecules in the ionosphere over several hundred kilometers [10], gamma and X-rays released from the first stage, ionizing electrons from atoms and molecules during the first nanoseconds [1], forming Compton scattering, resulted in gamma rays energy of 1.2×10 13 J for every 1-megaton bomb [13], while rocket measurement of beta particles experienced severe transient radiation effect, till H+0.002 second [28], the ionization process is not limited below the fireball [1] but occurred in all directions, exceeding 900 km altitude, as measurement of Rocket P-4 (located 1025 kilometers along the field line from the burst) which detected an increase in gamma flux at H+455 milliseconds, at concurrently with large flux of high-energy electrons [28], while Compton electrons resulted from gamma rays ionization, were measured during the first 20 milliseconds after H-0 [28], and since large percentage of the detonation products is ionized and can therefore interact with the geomagnetic field [1], and since the magnetic lines of force through the burst point intersected the magnetic equator at L ~ l.15 which is an altitude of 900 kilometers [8], and Satellite measurements placed the center of the long lived artificial belt at an L value of 1.2, where debris and betas particles are injected at high L values [28], and since magnetic field mechanism was thought to slow down Starfish Prim debris [8], and Starfish Prim propagated disturbances couldn't be explained in terms of simple hydromagnetic waves, and could be electromagnetic in nature [6], therefore the interaction of ionized electrons with geomagnetic lines of force resulted in magnetic force, leading to bulk electrons gyrating around and along the geomagnetic lines of force, with orbital arrangements, not related to hydromagnetic; requiring different approach from current approach [29], and as electrons are captured by the geomagnetic lines of force [4], hence energetic electrons resembles solar wind, each electron from (HND)/ or proton from (MS) produced Circular Magnetic Field (CMF) around itself and along its path as shown in Figure 4, hence a mechanism for capture process, resulted in magnetic force [30] given by Where, B g is the geomagnetic field, B e/p is the CMF produced by electrons or ions, r m is the magnetic radius of the CMF, c is speed of light, θ is the angle between the two fields and the magnetic force F m is in Newton.

Gyration radius
Electrons/protons captured by geomagnetic lines of force given by Eq.(2), has initial large gyrating radius due to balance of forces (Bev=mv 2 /r), given by Where, v c is electron/ion velocity and r m is the magnetic radius given in Eq. (2).    An elongated diamagnetic cavity was produced within 1.2 seconds after a High-altitude Nuclear Detonation (HND). It expanded 1,840 km along the geomagnetic lines of force, having vertical high of 680 km; and collapsed after 16 seconds [1], it was thought due to the dynamo effect resulting from strong air motions associated with the shock wave, and by a simultaneous enhanced conductivity in the lower ionosphere due to the detonation [10], linked with the appearance of beta auroras in the remote southern hemisphere conjugated, within a fraction of a second [31], where beta flux structure within the cavity was relatively uniform throughout and having 3×10 11 beta particles/ cm 2 s for at least 7 seconds [1]; but an earlier Teak detonation, resulted in magnetic disturbances with vector axis at five central pacific stations directed approximately towards Johnston Island [10], it was interpreted as resulted from magnetic field lines become bunched up outside the fireball, due to the push-out [1], while the 700 gamma observed after 70 seconds shown in Figure 1, thought due to the upward motion (heave) of the atmosphere below the burst point [9], these loose ideas illustrate the existence of unknown astrophysical phenomenon, related to anomalous magnetic fields that is not well understood, the moment of which derived by Eq.(1), and required special treatments; differ from what is known.
On the other hand, three out of five magnetometers calibrated to 10 4 gauss (1 Tesla) around the blast point, were affected by transient radiation [28], they failed to measure near the blast, while 400 km down at Johnston Island magnetic fields magnitudes of 150 γ, 290 γ and -720 γ were measured [28], as shown in Figure 1, and measured worldwide, some of which are shown in Figure 3 [1]. As magnitudes of measured fields were inversely proportional to square of the radial distance; therefore by tracing the slop 1/r 2 , from Palo Alto, to Samoa, and Hawaii, then to the spatial vicinity of the detonation, as traced by the extension red dot line showed in Figure 3, therefore great magnitudes are observed at/or around the blast point; hence the magnitude of the produced magnetic field near the source of production was much greater than the one Tesla (1Tesla) calibration, intended to measure small field changes, related to debris conductivity, and zero geomagnetic field inside the bubble, intended to understand debris-ambient interaction [32]; a miscalculation similar to Dr Hans A. Bethe's incorrect prediction, during the 1958 Teak and Orange nuclear blast, when instruments were set to measure longer and weaker Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) with a different polarization [1], another similar situation occurred during a Starfish blast, when magnetometer on rocket Payload P-4 measured ambient magnetic field value of 0.22 gauss until H+0.68 second, when the rubidium magnetometer electronic systems failed and thought due to transient radiation effects from high gamma flux [28], but the gamma radiation had already ionized electrons at that time, hence this resulted from rocket P-4 presence near the source of produced External Magnetic Field-Moment (ExMF M ), with magnitude given by Eq.(1), it was much intense than the less calibrated 1 Tesla magnetometer; such magnitude by ExMF M was only measured by Payload P-6, simultaneously with the arrival of the high-energy beta particles at H1+51 seconds which lasted for 12 mille-seconds [28]. A similar case to the above elongated diamagnetic cavity [1], was the concentration of high density solar wind positive ion ranging between 35 to 127 cm 3 at Magnetosheath [22], contrary to background proton's density of 5-10 (cm 3 ) [24], that spatial point in Magnetosheath at 11.46R E , is where magnetic field of ~56 γ was measured by Interball [33]. Since the first large increase of magnetic field at Johnston Island was detected at time H-0 [28], therefore electrons (for HND)/(protons for MS) captured and given by Eq.(2), instantly gyrate around the geomagnetic lines of force as shown in Figure 4, each producing Circular Magnetic Field (CMF) or B e , hence the addition of all CMF produced HND's first initial phase, or the Electron Sudden Commencement (ESC) shown in Figure  1 and the initial phase for MS or the SSC, thus the instantly produced External Magnetic Field-Moment (ExMF M ) [34] given by Where, 10 8 is the relative number of geomagnetic lines of force in square meter [35], n m is the number of gyrating electrons/protons in volume of geomagnetic lines of force, l is the effective length of the magnetic lines of force around which electrons gyrates, B gx is the previous field intensity, B g is the geomagnetic field, m e/p electron or ion mass, v c is electron or proton velocity, and the produced External Magnetic Field-Moment Electron/Proton (ExMF ME/P ), in Tesla.m 3 , as shown in Table 1  Substituting the right hand side of Eq.(1) with the left hand of Eq.(4), then rearranging, the number of electrons or ions (n m ) in volume of magnetic lines of force producing the ExMF ME/P is given by The magnetic field produced in unit of space, when electrons or protons are known is given by While distance from the detonation point, when electrons/protons numbers are known is given by

Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) generation
The nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) is a time varying electromagnetic radiation which rapidly increases to a peak then slowly decays [37], as shown in Figure 5, it consists of a sharp transient signal with a strong frequency component in the neighborhood of 15 kHz [1], it was first realized after the 1.2 kt Jangle-Sugar test in 1951, where over 1000 Amperes current fused the bomb control cables of 0.8 km distance in the Nevada Test Site [1]. EMP was studied with great concern due to damages that can inflict on electric and electronics systems, which could reflects on different sectors such as electric power, telecommunication, banking and finance, transportation infrastructure, food infrastructure, emergency service, space system and government [15], realizing these significance following the ratification of the Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT) that ended excessive release of nuclear fallout into the planet's atmosphere [38], scientists heavily dependence on computer assimilation, but Longmire and Gilbert [39] urged on theoretical understanding to avoid wrong answer to the right problem.
New EMP hypothesizes appeared after Starfish Prime test in 1962 [31], interpreting EMP as resulted from the primary Compton electrons and currents; the variation of which accelerate charge and radiated EMP [1]; above 30 km, it was thought as resulting from Compton electrons deflected by interaction with geomagnetic field in the deposition region of 20-40 km [3], while according to Karzas-Latter high altitude EMP model theory, Compton electrons are produced in specific region of the atmosphere known as the absorption region, it then turned by geomagnetic field to produce the EMP [40]. It was thought that Compton electrons radiated EMP through other mechanisms [41], but which mechanism? It is clear that there isn't a satisfactory answer to the mechanism behind EMP; and to what is it from ExMF ME perspective?
The first large increase of magnetic field at Johnston Island was at the time H-0, it was due to the EMP, with inaccurate amplitude [28]. This increase in magnetic field is very significant, then the maximum 150 γ (from 3.425×10 -5 T to 3.44×10 -5 T) which occurred at H+3.6 seconds [28], this maximum was produced by Compton electrons, and it is the ESC, given by Eq.(4) and shown in Figure 1, but before attaining this 150 γ maximum, ESC (B Ex ) was progressively produced at an increment of: δB Ex1 , δB Ex2 , δB Ex3 , δB Ex4 , .. δB Exn , by electrons clusters of: n m1 , n m2 , n m3 , n m4 , … n mn , these electrons didn't arrive all together at once, but arrived in sequential clusters, the first cluster produced the first large increase in magnetic field at time H-0 related to EMP production [28], therefore which electrons number in the cluster produced the large increase?
Electrons number (n m )=3.6×10 18 electrons in volume of geomagnetic lines of force were suggested to contribute (coherently) to the EMP [41], using this in Eq.(7), given electron's velocity v c =2,000 km, l-HND=10 km, and geomagnetic field B g =2.5×10 -5 T, the magnetic field magnitude obtained is 464,648.4 T.m 3 ; this magnitude is around what was given by Eq.(1), shown in Table 1, hence too big for the first cluster.
Since the EMP strength increased with burst height and EMF Measured in California, 5,400 km from the muclear site.  geomagnetic field [40], and at 1450 km away at Honolulu Starfish EMP gave 5,600 V m -1 at about 0.1 microseconds [1], and the intense EMP magnitudes occurred closer to the burst point [1] which could exceed 50 kV.m -1 for Starfish [40], therefore the first electrons cluster thought to interact with geomagnetic field, given in Table 2, in yellow color, by n m-1 =3.6×10 10 electrons in volume of geomagnetic lines of force, are the first Compton electrons, collectively interacted with the geomagnetic lines of force, producing the first large field at Johnston Island at time H-0 [28], with magnitude B Ex =4.65×10 -3 Tesla, this instantly reduced gyrating radius given by Eq. (3), hence the new radius is Where, r C1 is the first Compton radius, and B Ex is the produced ExMF=4.65x10 -3 Tesla, it changed gyrating radius from 0.45 meter given by Eq.(2) to 2.45×10 -3 m (0.00274 m) given by Eq.(9), thus this reduction accelerates electrons.
As the first electrons cluster of n m-1 =3.6×10 10 electrons in volume of geomagnetic lines of force, produced strong δB Ex1 =4.65×10 -3 T, within δt 1 =0.1 μ s, hence this is expressed by But such relation is the electrodynamics fields which generates electric field [42] and given by 1 .
However, since EMP is a time varying electromagnetic radiation [37], therefore these change produced an intense electromagnetic pulse (EMP) given by Since the first cluster contain n m-1 =3.6×10 10 electrons in volume of geomagnetic lines of force, this is only part of the whole given 3.6×10 18 electrons given by Longmire [41], but from Table 1, the total electrons number in the first ESC n m =2.43×10 18 electrons in volume of geomagnetic lines of force, therefore there are still 6.75×10 7 electrons to be interacted with the geomagnetic lines of force, these are divided in clusters; relating this with Figure 5, thus there are several less δB Exn / δtn EMP to be generated, therefore with each cluster generates EMP 1 , EMP 2 , EMP 3 and EMP n , therefore the total generated EMP is given by Substituting the right hand of Eq.(7) with B Ex in Eq.(13) above, therefore EMP is given by The frequency of the produced EMP is given by 1 EMP f Hz t = (15) External Magnetic Field-Moment Ions (ExMF MI ) production HND earlier geomagnetic disturbances thought to have one initial phase [10], but as shown in Figure 1, Starfish Prim, Checkmate and Kingfish resulted magnetic field at Johnston Island, showed two initial phases, followed by a slow decrease and subsequent lengthy recovery to ambient conditions [28], the fields shown in Figure 1, are similar in shape to the Dst with one Sudden Storm Commencement (SSC) [16], the first initial phase of Starfish Prim shown in Figure 1, measured 150 γ at H+3.6 seconds, followed by 290 γ at H+25 [28]; comparing this mechanism, with energetic electrons >200 keV at Magnetosheath which related to the magnetopause electron layer [23], or Magnetosheath plasma, that interacts with the magnetosphere at the magnetopause, and fluctuates with strong magnetic field, leading to an intense geomagnetic storm with Dst <200 n Tesla [25], which is similar to the energetic Magnetosheath protons [22], or the energetic protons first detected by Pioneer V, and later caused geomagnetic disturbance measured at Honolulu and shown in Figure 2A [17], all of which suggesting the production of an Interplanetary External Magnetic Field (I-ExMF) [12].
As ExMF ME produced by Compton electrons given by Eq.(4), starts gliding along the guiding center towards southern conjugate, the fast upwards moving debris [2], which raised much faster to several hundred kilometers in Orange Detonation [3], with great intensity, rapidly expanding and arrived after beta particles [2]; these large positive ions flux have average velocity of 345 km/s measured at H+1.20 seconds, it continued for 400 seconds [28], where large fraction of these debris moved swiftly through field lines to 100 km above northern conjugate, other fraction moved to the southern conjugate area [3], and with sharp increase in beta flux intensity occurred at H+480 milliseconds [28], the remained ionized ions travel outward more slowly [37], and most of the high-energy betas were injected along the field line [28], and with averaged beta particle radiation flux in the belt was 2×10 14 electrons per square meter per second, 3 minutes after burst [1], these demonstrates beta and ions mutual coexistence as shown in Figure 4.
When ExMF ME given by Eq.(4), reached maximum magnitude of 150 γ [28], a time at which debris and beta particles start approaching to interact with geomagnetic lines of force, as shown in Figure 4, this showed there are two mechanisms producing the two initial phases of the HND, shown in Figure 1, these mechanisms are : (A) Electrons Sudden Commencement (ESC), given by Eq.(4), and (B) Debris/ Electrons Sudden Commencement (DESC); and since positive and negative charges particles were detected moving in opposite direction at H+6 seconds [28], which is the time in Figure 1, at which the second DESC start building up, it is an indication that they oppositely gyrates along the geomagnetic lines of force as shown in Figure 4, hence producing the External Magnetic Field-Moment Debris Electrons (ExMF MDE ), giving raise to the second initial phase or the DESC, with magnitude double that given by Eq.(4), it is given by Where, m i is ions mass, and the ExMF MDE is the produced electrons and positive ions External Magnetic Field-Moment Debris Electrons (ExMF MDE ) in T.m 3 , the produced ExMF MDE will not generates EMP, due to the existence of previous ExMF ME and gyrating radius is not reduced. The numbers of both electrons and ions in volume of magnetic lines of force generating ExMF ME is ( )

Gliding along geomagnetic lines of force (Guiding-Center)
When Electrons Sudden Commencement (ESC) shown in Figure  1, reached maximum magnitude, and since debris motion largely governed by the magnetic field [3], the produced high B Ex magnitude attracted opposite gradients geomagnetic fields, hence electrons while gyrating, glides along geomagnetic lines of force (the guiding center) towards the southern conjugate as shown in Figure 4; at that moment the produced DESC, reached maximum ExMF MDE given by Eq. (16), after which gyrating debris and beta particles glides along geomagnetic lines, towards the northern conjugate as shown in Figure 4, although some may glides towards the southern conjugate; the gliding force for both ExMF ME , ExMF MDE and MS at 12.5R E is given by Where, B gc is geomagnetic fields towards the conjugate, r mg is the radial distance at which the field is sensed, θ is the angle at which the field is sensed, and F G is the gliding force in Newton, Eq. (18) (19) Since motion is in straight line, therefore the velocity along the guiding center is given by Instant aurora appeared in southern conjugate region after detonation [31], it first appeared between 4.1 and 6.7 millisecond [8], hence in connection with Figure 1, this showed how strong the produced force and related extremely fast velocity, because the gliding force was established during the building up of the ExMF ME ; while for the Geomagnetic storm which is identified by the development of the ring current in the magnetosphere [14], though the origin of this current lack a satisfactory explanation [43], this is simply due to the strong force produced by Eq. (18), and the ions' exceptionally fast velocity while moving from Magnetosheath at 12.5R E to form ring current at around 5-7.5R E [27], or around ∼3 R E and ∼4-7 R E for all levels of geomagnetic disturbances [44], it also shows how difficult to detect rig current formation, and many other ionosphere phenomena.

The guiding center main phase magnetic moment
While gliding along geomagnetic lines of force, ExMF ME produced a negative field, this is countered by newly produced positive DESC or the ExMF MDE , for Starfish the debris arrival period is short hence the negative produced field is superseded by ExMF MDE as shown in Figure 1; but if the period for debris arrival is long such as in Kingfish as shown in Figure 1, the negatively produced guiding center appears for a while. The main negative External Magnetic Moment-Electrons Gliding Center (ExMF-MEG ) (main phase for MS) is given by (22) Where, ExMF -MDE is the debris and beta particles negatively produced main phase, or the equivalent main phase for MS.
As Aurora was seen above Samoan, Fiji, and Tonga Islands [31], with the conjugate above Tongatapu [1], and synchrotrons radiation was observed at Wake Island, about 2500 km west of Johnston Island 10 minutes after the burst [3], with current interpretation described interaction of nuclear products (debris and electrons) with molecules to produce visible light, ultraviolet and infrared radiation [3], it is suggested that, with resulted small radius of gyration, cyclotron radiation is radiated as an aurora light in both southern and northern conjugates.

Conclusion
The paper is intended to show similarities in characteristics between the High-altitude Nuclear Detonation (HND) and the Magnetic Storm (MS), both mechanisms produced an intense External Magnetic Field Moment (ExMF M ), HND is also analyzed and related to the production of Interplanetary-External Magnetic Field Moment (I-ExMF M ) in Magnetosheath during MS; a process intended to question a long time believe in solar magnetic field embedded in the solar wind, a theory which coined current human understanding of the magnetosphere interactions with solar wind, and many solar activities. It is also showed that, in the initial process leading to HND's ExMF M production an Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) was generated, with characteristics similar to affects caused by Magnetic Storm (MS). The paper is seeking an alternative method capable of explaining different Astrophysical phenomena, and can help in solving many unsettled issues, like the energization of charged particles which is related to the production of External Magnetic Field (ExMF), both in which could help in resolving future energy crises.